Отношение россиян и китайцев  к коррупционным практикам:  кросс-культурный анализ

Aleksander A. Maksimenko; Olga S. Deyneka; Pavel P. Deryugin; Dina V. Krylova; Ekaterina V. Zabelina

doi:10.21638/spbu12.2024.102

Authors

Aleksander A. Maksimenko HSE University, 20, ul. Myasnitskaya, Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0891-4950
Olga S. Deyneka St. Petersburg State University, 7–9, Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8224-2190
Pavel P. Deryugin St. Petersburg State University, 7–9, Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5380-8498
Dina V. Krylova HSE University, 20, ul. Myasnitskaya, Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation
Ekaterina V. Zabelina Chelyabinsk State University, 129, ul. Brat’ev Kashirinikh, Chelyabinsk, 454001, Russian Federation https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2365-6016

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu12.2024.102

Abstract

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the attitude of Russians and Chinese towards corrupt practices. The study was conducted anonymously in an online survey using the service https://webanketa.ru. 275 Russians and 105 Chinese took part in it. To determine attitudes towards corrupt practices, the author’s questionnaire was developed, based on the color model of A. Heidenheimer (2015). The questionnaire consisted of 59 hypothetical situations, to assess the corruption of which a 7-point scale was used. For the Chinese participants in the study, a bilingual philologist translated the questionnaire into Chinese. Reliability testing of the instrument confirmed high consistency of the data (Cronbach α = 0.962). The results of factor analysis made it possible to identify three factors and confirm the color model (black, gray, white) of the perception of corruption by A. Heidenheimer. The results of the study made it possible to identify both general features and culturally specific features of the perception of corruption. A comparative analysis of the data showed that deviant actions of officials or persons whose social role is strictly regulated in society and presupposes high moral qualities (judge, doctor, policeman, etc.) were assessed by respondents as highly corrupt in both samples. Also, in both national groups, respondents gave lower ratings to the corrupt actions of holders of such social roles as a flight attendant, teacher, or coach than to the corrupt actions of officials, who were subject to higher moral requirements. At the same time, respondents from China statistically reliably assessed hypothetical situations of black corruption as less corrupt, unlike Russians. White corruption, on the contrary, was condemned by the Chinese significantly more than by the Russians. The results obtained reflect the transcendental legitimation of power inherent in the Chinese mentality and the horizontal responsibility captured in the guanxi phenomenon.

Keywords:

perception of corruption, color model of corruption, hypothetical corruption situations, cross-cultural research, russians, chinese

Downloads

References

Литература

Мощный экономический отскок Китая открывает больше возможностей для других стран—глава МВФ // Синьхуа Новости. 2023. 14.04. URL: https://russian.news.cn/20230414/5faf5a7d513e4d1894b037d842281ae6/c.html (дата обращения: 08.06.2023).

Дубровина В. «Через заднюю дверь». Как привычка китайцев давать взятки привела к распространению коронавируса // Lenta. 2020. 28 декабря. URL: https://lenta.ru/articles/2020/12/28/

razlozhenie/ (дата обращения: 08.06.2023).

Шорохов В.Е. Современная модель государственной антикоррупционной политики в странах Восточной Азии // Российская юстиция. 2021. № 3. С. 20–22.

Майоров В.И., Дунаева О.Н. Сравнительный анализ мер противодействия коррупции в России и Китае // Вестник Cибирского государственного университета МВД России. 2021. Т. 44, № 3. С. 78–84.

Трощинский П.В. Борьба с преступностью в Китае: нормативно-правовой аспект // Журнал

российского права. 2015. № 8. С. 47–58.

Просеков С. А., Головлев Р.В. Борьба с коррупцией в современном Китае // Манускрипт. 2021. Т. 14, № 5. С. 922–927.

Севальнев В.В. Законодательство в сфере противодействия коррупции: Россия и Китай (сравнительно-правовой аспект) // Журнал зарубежного законодательства и сравнительного правоведения. 2017. Т. 64, № 3. С. 95–100.

Boateng A., Wang Ya., Ntim C., Glaister K.W. National culture, corporate governance and corruption: A cross-country analysis // International Journal of Finance and Economics. 2021. No. 26. P. 3852–3874. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1991

Taplin N. China’s Corruption Paradox. Research suggests graft helped spur China’s growth. Are Xi’s anticorruption efforts undermining it? // The Wall Street Journal. 2019. November 1. URL: https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-corruption-paradox-11572600605 (дата обращения: 21.04.2023).

Графов Д.Б. «Дилемма заключенного» и «эффект безбилетника» в условиях коллективной лояльности «гуаньси» // Юго-Восточная Азия: актуальные проблемы развития. 2018. Т. II, № 3 (40). С. 213–224.

Мозиас П.М. Коррупция в Китае: причины, формы, тенденции // Социальные и гуманитарные науки. Отечественная и зарубежная литература. Сер. 9: Востоковедение и африканистика:

Реферативный журнал. 2019. № 1. С. 35–63.

Hofstede G.H. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. New York: McGraw Hill, 2015.

Husted B. Wealth, culture and corruption // Journal of International Business Studies. 1999. Vol. XXX, no. 2. P. 339–346.

Country comparison tool // The Culture Factor Group. 2023. October 16. URL: https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison-tool (дата обращения: 26.10.2023).

Heidenheimer A. Political corruption: readings in Comparative Analysis. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970.

Омурова Б.Н. Основные характеристики политической культуры Китая // Вестник Кыргызско-Российского Славянского университета. 2014. Т. 14, № 6. С. 182–184.

Ракитянский Н.М. Ментальные исследования глобальных политических миров. М.: Моск. гос. ун-т, 2020.

Ма Фэншу Российско-китайские отношения в контексте сравнительного анализа культур // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Сер.: Политология. 2012. № 2. С. 5–28.

Ma J., Guo B., Yu Ya. Perception of official corruption, satisfaction with government performance, and subjective wellbeing—an empirical study from China // Frontiers in Psychology. 2022. No. 13. P. 748704. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.748704

References

China’s powerful economic rebound opens up more opportunities for other countries — IMF Chief. Sin’khua Novosti. April 4, 2023. Available at: https://russian.news.cn/20230414/5faf5a7d513e4d1894b037d842281ae6/c.html (accessed: 06.08.2023). (In Russian)

Dubrovina V. “Through the back door”. How the Chinese habit of giving bribes led to the spread of coronavirus. Lenta. 2020. December 28. Available at: https://lenta.ru/articles/2020/12/28/razlozhenie/ (accessed: 06.08.2023). (In Russian)

Shorokhov V.E. Modern model of state anti-corruption policy in East Asian countries. Rossiiskaia iustitsiia, 2021, no. 3, pp. 20–22. (In Russian)

Mayorov V.I., Dunaeva O.N. Comparative analysis of anti-corruption measures in Russia and China. Vestnik Sibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta MVD Rossii, 2021, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 78–84. (In Russian)

Troshchinsky P.V. Fighting crime in China: a regulatory aspect. Zhurnal rossiiskogo prava, 2015, no. 8, pp. 47–58. (In Russian)

Prosekov S.A., Golovlev R.V. The fight against corruption in modern China. Manuskript, 2021, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 922–927. (In Russian)

Sevalnev V.V. Legislation in the field of anti-corruption: Russia and China (comparative legal aspect). Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel’stva i sravnitel’nogo pravovedeniia, 2017, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 95–100. (In Russian)

Boateng A., Wang Ya., Ntim C., Glaister K.W. National culture, corporate governance and corruption: A cross-country analysis. International Journal of Finance and Economics, 2021, no. 26, pp. 3852–3874. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1991

Taplin N. China’s Corruption Paradox. Research suggests graft helped spur China’s growth. Are Xi’s anticorruption efforts undermining it? The Wall Street Journal. 2019. November 1. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-corruption-paradox-11572600605 (accessed: 21.04.2023).

Grafov D.B. “Prisoner’s dilemma” and “stowaway effect” in the context of collective loyalty “guanxi”. Iugo-Vostochnaia Aziia: aktual’nye problemy razvitiia, 2018, vol. II, no. 3 (40), pp. 213–224. (In Russian)

Mozias P.M. Corruption in China: causes, forms, trends. Sotsial’nye i gumanitarnye nauki. Otechestvennaia i zarubezhnaia literatura. Ser. 9: Vostokovedenie i afrikanistika: Referativnyi zhurnal, 2019, no. 1, pp. 35–63. (In Russian)

Hofstede G.H. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. New York, McGraw Hill, 2015.

Husted B. Wealth, Culture and Corruption. Journal of International Business Studies, 1999, vol. XXX, no. 2, pp. 339–346.

Country comparison tool. The Culture Factor Group. 2023, October 16. Available at: https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison-tool (accessed: 26.10.2023).

Heidenheimer A. Political corruption: readings in Comparative Analysis. New York, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970. 582 p.

Omurova B.N. The main characteristics of China’s political culture. Vestnik Kyrgyzsko-Rossiiskogo Slavianskogo universiteta, 2014, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 182–184. (In Russian)

Rakityansky N.M. Mental studies of global political worlds. Moscow, Moskovskii gosudarstvennyi universitet Publ., 2020. (In Russian)

Ma Fengshu Russian-Chinese relations in the context of comparative analysis of cultures. Vestnik Rossiiskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriia: Politologiia, 2012, no. 2, pp. 5–28. (In Russian)

Ma J., Guo B., Yu Ya. Perception of official corruption, satisfaction with government performance, and subjective wellbeing — an empirical study from China. Frontiers in Psychology, 2022, no. 13, 748704. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.748704