Gender attitudes of immigrants in Russia (on the example of concepts of equal educational opportunities)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu12.2023.104Abstract
Attitudes towards gender equality have significant differences in different countries of the world. These differences are especially felt in migratory movements, when people are faced with different gender regimes. This article is devoted to the study of ideas about gender equality of immigrants from post-Soviet countries in Russia, as well as their comparison with similar attitudes of Russians. The empirical basis of the study was a survey of immigrants from the CIS countries, Ukraine and Georgia (autumn 2020, 700 respondents). Data on Russians is taken from the seventh wave of the World Values Survey (2017, 1810 respondents). Despite the common historical past, the gender attitudes of immigrants and Russians differ — the former more often agree with the thesis that higher education is more important for a boy than for a girl. Predictors of influence on gender attitudes were identified. For Russians, gender, position in the labor market and the number of children turned out to be significant. For immigrants, predictors of patriarchal gender perceptions were older age, lower levels of education, and adherence to the Muslim religion. An extended regression model for immigrants also led to the conclusion that it is not the length of time migrants live in the host country that affects the transformation of their gender attitudes, but the intention to connect their lives with Russia, the formation of an all-Russian identity (a sense of community with the citizens of the Russian Federation). At the same time, the position of Russia as a country that has not overcome the problem of gender inequality (50th place in the world ranking), coupled with the patriarchal ideas of some Russians, may allow immigrants not to rush to revise their own gender attitudes.
Keywords:
immigrants, cultural integration, gender inequality, gender attitudes, patriarchal values
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Литература
Inglehart R. Modernization and postmodernization: cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.
Gundelach P. National value differences: modernization or institutionalization? // International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 1994. Vol. 35, no. 1–2. P. 37–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/10848779608579463
Ester P., Halman L., Moor R. de. The Individualizing Society: Values Change in Europe and North America. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press, 1993.
Wilensky H.L. Rich democracies: Political economy, public policy and performance. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
Williams N., Thornton A., Young-DeMarco L. Migrant values and beliefs: How are they different and how do they change? // Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 2014. Vol. 40, no. 5. P. 796–813. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X. 2013.830501
Бредникова О.Е. Женская трудовая миграция: смена гендерных контрактов? // Гендерные отношения в современной России: исследования 1990-х годов: сб. науч. ст. / под ред. Л.Н.Попковой, И.Н.Тартаковской. Самара: Самарский университет, 2003. С. 143–154.
Penninx R. Problems of and solutions for the study of Immigrant Integration // Comparative Migration Studies. 2019. Vol. 7, no. 13. P. 2–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0122-x
Pittin R. Migration of women in Nigeria: the Hausa case // International Migration Review, Special Issue: Women in Migration. 1984. Vol. 18, no. 4. P. 1293–1314.
Monsutti A. Migration as a rite of passage: Young Afghans building masculinity and adulthood in Iran // Iranian Studies. 2007. Vol. 40, no. 2. P. 167–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/00210860701276183
Oishi N. Gender and migration: an integrative approach // Center for Comparative Immigration Studies. 2002. Working Paper no. 49. URL: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0s04g29f (дата обращения: 12.08.2022).
Gordon M. The Nature of Assimilation. Assimilation in American Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 1964.
Warner W., Srole L. The Social System of American Ethnic Groups. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1945.
Kosack G. Migrant women: the move to Western Europe — a step towards emancipation // Race & Class. 1976. Vol. 17, no. 4. P. 369–380.
Zentgraf K.M. Immigration and women’s empowerment Salvadorans in Los Angeles // Gender & Society. 2002. Vol. 16, no. 5. P. 625–646. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124302236989
Zhou M. Contemporary Chinese America: Immigration, ethnicity, and community transformation. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009.
Espiritu Y. le. Gender and labor in Asian immigrant families // American Behavioral Scientist. 1999. Vol. 42, iss. 4. P. 628–647.
Рочева А.Л. Трансформация гендерных отношений мигрантов в России (на примере мигрантов из Киргизии в Москве): дис. … канд. социол. наук. М., 2016.
Foner N. Beyond the melting pot three decades later: Recent immigrants and New York’s new ethnic mixture // The International Migration Review. 2000. Vol. 34, no. 1. P. 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791830003400113
Diehl C., Koenig M., Ruckdeschel K. Religiosity and gender equality: comparing natives and Muslim migrants in Germany // Ethnic and Racial Studies. 2009. Vol. 32, no. 2. P. 278–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870802298454
Lutz H. Gender in the migratory process // Journal of ethnic and migration studies. 2010. Vol. 36, no. 10. P. 1647–1663. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X. 2010.489373
Костенко В.В. Гендерные установки мигрантов-мусульман, населения Западной Европы и арабских стран: сравнительный анализ: дис. … канд. социол. наук. М., 2017.
Yusupova G., Ponarin E. Social remittances in religion: Muslim migrants in Russia and transformation of Islamic practices // Problems of Post-Communism. 2017. Vol. 65, no. 3. P. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2016.1224552
Inglehart R., Norris P. Rising tide: Gender equality and cultural change around the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Айвазова С.Г. Трансформация гендерного порядка в странах СНГ: институциональные факторы и эффекты массовой политики // Женщина в российском обществе. 2014. № 4. С. 11–23.
Темкина А. Добрачная девственность: культурный код гендерного порядка в современной Армении (на примере Еревана) // Laboratorium. 2010. № 1. С. 129–159.
Лопатина С.Л., Костенко В.В., Понарин Э.Д. Дело не в исламе: отношение к абортам, разводам и добрачному сексу в девяти постсоветских государствах // Журнал социологии и социальной антропологии. 2016. № 9 (3). С. 95–115.
Лежнина Ю.П. Трансформация гендерных ролей в современной России // Общественные науки и современность. 2013. № 4. С. 165–176.
Тихомиров Д.А., Новицкая К.В. Представления молодежи Москвы о гендерных ролях и характеристиках современной женщины // Горизонты гуманитарного знания. 2018. № 3. С. 90–102.
Григорьева К.С., Эндрюшко А.А. Различия в гендерном порядке дагестанцев и москвичей в восприятии сельских жителей РД // Этносоциум и межнациональная культура. 2018. № 10 (124). С. 53–62.
Эндрюшко А.А. Трансформация ценностей иммигрантов в контексте их культурной интеграции: отношение к разводам и добрачным сексуальным отношениям // Демографическое обозрение. 2022. Т. 9, № 3. С. 58–74.
Смирнова А.В. Представления школьников и студентов о гендерных ролях мужчин и женщин в современном российском обществе // Женщина в российском обществе. 2005. № 1–2. С.26–33.
Human Development Report. 2020. URL: https://nonews.co/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/hdr2020.pdf (дата обращения: 25.08.2022)
References
Inglehart R. Modernization and postmodernization: cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1997.
Gundelach P. National value differences: modernization or institutionalization? International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 1994, Vol. 35, no. 1–2, pp. 37–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/10848779608579463
Ester P., Halman L., Moor R. de. The Individualizing Society: Values Change in Europe and North America. Tilburg, Tilburg University Press, 1993.
Wilensky H.L. Rich democracies: Political economy, public policy and performance. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2002.
Williams N., Thornton A., Young-DeMarco L. Migrant values and beliefs: How are they different and how do they change? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2014, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 796–813. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X. 2013.830501
Brednikova O.E. Women’s labor migration: changing gender contracts? Gendernye otnosheniia v sovremennoi Rossii: issledovaniia 1990-kh godov: sb. nauch. st., L.N.Popkova, I.N.Tartakovskaia (eds). Samara, Samara University Publ., 2003, pp. 143–154. (In Russian)
Penninx R. Problems of and solutions for the study of Immigrant Integration. Comparative Migration Studies, 2019, Vol. 7, no. 13, pp. 2–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0122-x
Pittin R. Migration of women in Nigeria: the Hausa case. International Migration Review, spec. iss.: Women in Migration, 1984, Vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 1293–1314.
Monsutti A. Migration as a rite of passage: Young Afghans building masculinity and adulthood in Iran. Iranian Studies, 2007, Vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 167–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/00210860701276183
Oishi N. Gender and migration: an integrative approach. Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, 2002, Working Paper no. 49. Available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0s04g29f (accessed: 12.08.2022).
Gordon M. The Nature of Assimilation. Assimilation in American Life. New York, Oxford University Press, 1964.
Warner W., Srole L. The Social System of American Ethnic Groups. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1945.
Kosack G. Migrant women: the move to Western Europe — a step towards emancipation. Race & Class, 1976, Vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 369–380.
Zentgraf K.M. Immigration and women’s empowerment Salvadorans in Los Angeles. Gender & Society, 2002, Vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 625–646. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124302236989
Zhou M. Contemporary Chinese America: Immigration, ethnicity, and community transformation. Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 2009.
Espiritu Y., le. Gender and labor in Asian immigrant families. American Behavioral Scientist, 1999, vol. 42, iss. 4, pp. 628–647.
Rocheva A.L. Transformation of gender relations of migrants in Russia (on the example of migrants from Kyrgyzstan in Moscow): dissertation. Moscow, 2016. (In Russian)
Foner N. Beyond the melting pot three decades later: Recent immigrants and New York’s new ethnic mixture. The International Migration Review, 2000, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791830003400113
Diehl C., Koenig M., Ruckdeschel K. Religiosity and gender equality: comparing natives and Muslim migrants in Germany. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 2009, Vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 278–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870802298454
Lutz H. Gender in the migratory process. Journal of ethnic and migration studies, 2010, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 1647–1663. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X. 2010.489373
Kostenko V.V. Gender attitudes of Muslim migrants, the population of Western Europe and Arab countries: a comparative analysis: dissertation. Moscow, 2017. (In Russian)
Yusupova G., Ponarin E. Social remittances in religion: Muslim migrants in Russia and transformation of Islamic practices. Problems of Post-Communism, 2017, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2016.1224552
Inglehart R., Norris P. Rising Tide: Gender equality and cultural change around the world. Camdridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Ajvazova S.G. Transformation of gender order in CIS countries: institutional factors and mass politics effects. Zhenshchina v rossiiskom obshchestve, 2014, no. 4, pp. 11–23. (In Russian)
Temkina A. Premarital virginity: the cultural code of the gender order in modern Armenia (on the example of Yerevan). Laboratorium, 2010, no. 1, pp. 129–159. (In Russian)
Lopatina S., Kostenko V., Ponarin E. It’s not about Islam: Attitudes towards abortion, divorce and premarital sex in nine post-Soviet states. Zhurnal sotsiologii i sotsial’noi antropologii, 2016, no. 3, pp. 95–115. (In Russian)
Lezhnina Yu. P. Transformation of Gender Roles in Modern Russia. Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost’, 2013, no. 4, pp. 165–176. (In Russian)
Tihomirov D.A., Novickaya K.V. Ideas of the youth of Moscow about the gender roles and characteristics of a modern woman. Gorizonty gumanitarnogo znaniya, 2018, no. 3, pp. 90–102. (In Russian)
Grigor’eva K. S., Endryushko A.A. Differences in the gender order of Dagestanis and Muscovites in the perception of rural residents of Dagestan. Etnosotsium i mezhnatsional’naia kul’tura, 2018, no. 10, pp. 53–62. (In Russian)
Endryushko A.А. The transformation of immigrant values in the context of their cultural integration: attitudes towards divorce and premarital sexual relations. Demograficheskoe obozrenie, 2022, no. 9 (3), pp. 58–74. (In Russian)
Smirnova A.V. Representations of schoolchildren and students about the gender roles of men and women in modern Russian society. Zhenshchina v rossiiskom obshchestve, 2005, no. 1–2, pp. 26–33. (In Russian)
Human Development Report. 2020. Available at: https://nonews.co/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/hdr2020.pdf (accessed: 25.08.2022)
Downloads
Published
2023-07-14
How to Cite
Endryushko, A. A. (2023). Gender attitudes of immigrants in Russia (on the example of concepts of equal educational opportunities). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Sociology, 16(1), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu12.2023.104
Issue
Section
Social processes and social dynamics
License
Articles of "Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Sociology" are open access distributed under the terms of the License Agreement with Saint Petersburg State University, which permits to the authors unrestricted distribution and self-archiving free of charge.
